Particle Sizes
Sizes of airborne particle as dust, pollen bacteria, virus and many more
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The size of contaminants and particles are usually described in microns, a metric unit of measure where one micron is one-millionth of a meter. There are 25,400 microns in one inch. The eye can see particles to about 40 microns.
The size of some contaminants and particles are indicated in the table below.
Particle Particle Size
(microns)
one inch 25,400
dot (.) 615
Eye of a Needle 1,230
Glass Wool 1000
Spanish Moss Pollen 150 - 750
Beach Sand 100 - 10000
Mist 70 - 350
Fertilizer 10 - 1000
Pollens 10 - 1000
Cayenne Pepper 15 - 1000
Textile Fibers 10 - 1000
Fiberglass Insulation 1 - 1000
Grain Dusts 5 - 1000
Human Hair 40 - 300
Human Hair 60 - 600
Dust Mites 100 - 300
Saw Dust 30 - 600
Ground Limestone 10 - 1000
Tea Dust 8 - 300
Coffee 5 - 400
Bone Dust 3 - 300
Hair 5 - 200
Cement Dust 3 - 100
Ginger 25 - 40
Mold Spores 10 - 30
Starches 3 - 100
Red Blood Cells 5 - 10
Mold 3 - 12
Mustard 6 - 10
Antiperspirant 6 - 10
Textile Dust 6 - 20
Gelatin 5 - 90
Spider web 2 - 3
Spores 3 - 40
Combustion-related Carbon Monoxide from motor vehicles, wood burning,
open burning, industrial processes up to 2.5
Fly Ash 1 - 1000
Milled Flour, Milled Corn 1 - 100
Coal Dust 1 - 100
Iron Dust 4 - 20
Smoke from Synthetic Materials 1 - 50
Lead Dust 2
Face Powder 0.1 - 30
Talcum Dust 0.5 - 50
Asbestos 0.7 - 90
Calcium Zink Dust 0.7 - 20
Paint Pigments 0.1 - 5
Auto and Car Emission 1 - 150
Metallurgical Dust 0.1 - 1000
Metallurgical Fumes 0.1 - 1000
Clay 0.1 - 50
Humidifier 0.9 - 3
Copier Toner 0.5 - 15
Liquid Droplets 0.5 - 5
Insecticide Dusts 0.5 - 10
Anthrax 1 - 5
Yeast Cells 1 - 50
Carbon Black Dust 0.2 - 10
Atmospheric Dust 0.001 - 40
Smoldering or Flaming Cooking Oil 0.03 - 0.9
Corn Starch 0.1 - 0.8
Sea Salt 0.035 - 0.5
Bacteria 0.3 - 60
Bromine 0.1 - 0.7
Lead 0.1 - 0.7
Radioactive Fallout 0.1 - 10
Rosin Smoke 0.01 - 1
Combustion 0.01 - 0.1
Smoke from Natural Materials 0.01 - 0.1
Burning Wood 0.2 - 3
Coal Flue Gas 0.08 - 0.2
Oil Smoke 0.03 - 1
Tobacco Smoke 0.01 - 4
Viruses 0.005 - 0.3
Typical Atmospheric Dust 0.001 to 30
Sugars 0.0008 - 0.005
Pesticides & Herbicides 0.001
Carbon Dioxide 0.00065
Oxygen 0.0005
one micron is one-millionth of a meter
Airborne particles
Airborne particles are solids suspended in the air.
Larger particles - larger then 100 μm
terminal velocities > 0.5 m/s
fall out quickly
includes hail, snow, insect debris, room dust, soot aggregates, coarse sand, gravel, and sea spray
Medium-size particles - in the range 1 to 100 μm
sedimentation velocities greater than 0.2 m/s
settles out slowly
includes fine ice crystals, pollen, hair, large bacteria, windblown dust, fly ash, coal dust, silt, fine sand, and small dust
Small particles - less than 1 μm
falls slowly, take days to years to settle out of a quiet atmosphere. In a turbulent atmosphere they may never settle out
can be washed out by water or rain
includes viruses, small bacteria, metallurgical fumes, soot, oil smoke, tobacco smoke, clay, and fumes
Hazardous Dust Particles
Smaller dust particles can be hazardous for humans. In many jurisdictions dust fractions at specified particle sizes in working environments are required to be measured.
Inhalable Dust
Airborne particles which can enter the nose and mouth during normal breathing. Particles of 100 microns diameter or less.
Thoracic Dust
Particles that will pass through the nose and throat, reaching the lungs. Particles of 10 microns diameter and less. Referred to as PM10 in the USA.
Respirable Dust
Particles that will penetrate into the gas exchange region of the lungs. A hazardous particulate size less than 5 microns. Particle sizes of 2.5 micron (PM2.5) are often used in USA.
Sunday, August 16, 2009
Monday, October 27, 2008
Lasman Parulian PURBA, ST (Mr)—Publications
Curriculum Vitae
Lasman Parulian PURBA, ST (Mr)—Publications
B.Eng (ITS Surabaya. Indonesia = ST) -- www.its.ac.id ( -2000)
M.Eng (PSU Thailand) -- www.me.psu.ac.th (2006-2008)
Lecturer (2000-2006): Introduction to Computers, (STIKOM Surabaya) www.stikom.edu Introduction to Internetworking, (STIKOM Surabaya)
Automatic Control System, (STIKOM Surabaya)
Digital Control System, (STIKOM Surabaya)
Electrical Circuits, (STIKOM Surabaya)
Fundamental Electronic, (STIKOM Surabaya)
Computer-Engineering Ethics (STIKOM Surabaya),
NATIONAL Editions
Jazidie, A.,Purba, L. P., 2000. SITIA2000 Seminar on Intelligent Technology and It’s Applications, ITS/ National.
Pengendalian Manipulator Robot Di Operational Space Dengan Jaringan Syaraf Tiruan Fungsi Basis Radial
(Control Robot Manipulators in OperationalSpace with Radial Basis Function Networks )
Purba, L. P., 2000 WMNet2000, World Media Network,Univ. Wangsa Manggala Yogyakarta/ National.
Perancangan Pengendalian Manipulator Robot Di Operational Space Dengan Algoritma Pembelajaran Hibrida Jaringan Syaraf Tiruan Fungsi Basis Radial. (Design of Control Robot Manipulators in Operational Space with Hybrid Learning Algorithm Radial Basis Function Networks).
Purba, L. P., 2002 Journal of Computer Engineering GEMATEK, STIKOM/ National.
Kontroller PID Berbasis MATLAB 6.1 : Sebuah Informasi Tutorial (PID Controller MATLAB 6.1-Based: A Tutorial Information)
Purba, L. P., 2003 Journal of Computer Engineering GEMATEK, STIKOM/ National (Vol.5 No. 1 Tahun 2003).
Aplikasi Simulasi Pengendalian Manipulator Robot dengan Algoritma Pembelajaran Hibrida Fungsi Basis Radial, Simualation and Control Robot with Hibrida Radial Basis Function Networks.
Achmad, A., Purba, L. P., 2003 Journal of Computer Engineering GEMATEK, STIKOM/ National (Vol. 5 No. 2 Tahun 2003).
Sistem Kendali Motor DC Berbasis Komputer dengan Menggunakan Jaringan Syaraf Tiruan
Purwanto, E., Purba, L. P., 2004 Proceeding of SITIA2004 Seminar on Intelligent Technology and It’s Applications, ITS/ National.
Sistem Pengendalian Posisi Motor DC dengan Menggunakan JST dengan Algoritma Belajar Error Back Propagation
Triangka, G., Purba, L. P., 2004 Proceeding of ECCIS2004 Seminar on Electrical Communication Control Information System, Brawijaya University/ National.
Perancangan dan Pembuatan Pengontrol PID-Optimal Berdasarkan Kriteria Performansi Kwadratik untuk Pengendalian Motor DC [www.unibraw.ac.id]
Purwanto, E., Purba, L. P., MasSiswa, 2004 Proceeding of ECCIS2004 Seminar on Electrical Communication Control Information System, Brawijaya University/ National.
Sistem Pengendalian Posisi Motor DC Servo dengan Algoritma Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference Systems (ANFIS)
Purba, L. P., 2004 Journal of Computer Engineering GEMATEK, STIKOM/ National.
Sistem Identifikasi Model Motor DC untuk Digunakan pada Desain PID Controller
Purba, L. P., 2005 Journal of Computer Engineering GEMATEK, STIKOM/ National.2005
Algoritma Dijkstra untuk Pemantauan Lalu Lintas dan Pelacakan Jalur Alternatif Optimal
Purba, L. P., 2005 Proceeding of Seminar on ReTII2005, STTNasional Yogyakarta, Indonesia/ National.
Performansi Dua Buah Motor DC Berdasarkan Identifikasi Dinamis untuk Digunakan Sebagai Penggerak Robot Line Follower [www.sttnas.ac.id]
Purba, L. P., Widjaya, C., 2005 SITIA2005 Seminar on Inteligent Technology and Its Application/ National.
Kompas Jalur Pendek: Suatu Detektor Lintasan Terpendek Berbasis Mikrokontroler
Purba, L. P., 2005 Journal of Computer Engineering GEMATEK, STIKOM/ National.
Sistem Identifikasi Model Dinamika Motor DC untuk Digunakan pada Desain Controller
Purba, L. P., Fitrianto, A., 2006 Information System and Information Technology National Seminar (SNASTI2006: Seminar Nasional Sistem & Teknologi Informasi) http://snasti.stikom.edu
Purba, L. P., Sari, E., 2008 Rating dan urgency penanganan HaKI tentang Bisnis Tempe vs Piranti Lunak http://lpks1.wima.ac.id/pphks/NCFE.htm
INTERNATIONAL Editions :
Purba, L. P., and Jazidie, A., 2001 “Control Robot Manipulators with Hybrid Learning Algorithm Radial Basis Function Networks in Operational Space,” Proceeding of CECI2001 International Conference on Electrics, Electronics, Communications and Informations, BPPT-Jakarta, Indonesia
Purba, L. P.,, Tarigan, E., 2007 “Airflow Modeling: Efforts to Find the Better Models for Building Air Quality Simulation,” Proceeding of RISK Tech 2007, International Conference and Workshop, Bandung Indonesia
Purba, L. P., Tekasakul, P., Maliwan, K., Furuuchi, M., 2008 “CFD study of flow in a natural rubber sheet smoking cooperative: Turbulence free convection airflow,” Proceeding of The 22th Mechanical Engineering Networks Conference, MENETT22, Bangkok, Thailand; 15 – 17 October 2008)
Speakers:
Quest Speaker:(18/09/02 – 18/09/02) DES2002 Deuleureon Extreme Science 2002, STIKOM/ Regional Seminar.
Aplikasi Kontrol Neuro-Fuzzy pada Industri (Industrial Application of Neuro-Fuzzy Controller)
Quest Speaker:(16/09/03 – 16/09/03) DES2003 Deuleureon Extreme Science 2003, STIKOM/ Regional Seminar.
Tips & Trik Pemilihan Kontroler yang Tepat dengan Performansi Terbaik untuk Plant Motor DC
(Tips & Tricks: How to Find Best Performance of DC Motor Controller)
Educating people based-on Research Activities:
As in RGB Tabloid: Augustus2006 Edition Colomnis ’Ethics in Information Age’ (Tabloid ’RedGreenBlue/ RGB’).
AWARD: Best Writer of Jurnal DP2M DIKTI Indonesia (Qualification: A), Augustus 2006 Penulis Jurnal Kwalitas A versi DP2M DIKTI Indonesia www.dikti.org
Book (Indonesian), October 2006 “Sistem Pengaturan dengan Komputer”, Publisher: GRAHA ILMU Indonesia www.grahailmu.com
Lasman Parulian PURBA, ST (Mr)—Publications
B.Eng (ITS Surabaya. Indonesia = ST) -- www.its.ac.id ( -2000)
M.Eng (PSU Thailand) -- www.me.psu.ac.th (2006-2008)
Lecturer (2000-2006): Introduction to Computers, (STIKOM Surabaya) www.stikom.edu Introduction to Internetworking, (STIKOM Surabaya)
Automatic Control System, (STIKOM Surabaya)
Digital Control System, (STIKOM Surabaya)
Electrical Circuits, (STIKOM Surabaya)
Fundamental Electronic, (STIKOM Surabaya)
Computer-Engineering Ethics (STIKOM Surabaya),
NATIONAL Editions
Jazidie, A.,Purba, L. P., 2000. SITIA2000 Seminar on Intelligent Technology and It’s Applications, ITS/ National.
Pengendalian Manipulator Robot Di Operational Space Dengan Jaringan Syaraf Tiruan Fungsi Basis Radial
(Control Robot Manipulators in OperationalSpace with Radial Basis Function Networks )
Purba, L. P., 2000 WMNet2000, World Media Network,Univ. Wangsa Manggala Yogyakarta/ National.
Perancangan Pengendalian Manipulator Robot Di Operational Space Dengan Algoritma Pembelajaran Hibrida Jaringan Syaraf Tiruan Fungsi Basis Radial. (Design of Control Robot Manipulators in Operational Space with Hybrid Learning Algorithm Radial Basis Function Networks).
Purba, L. P., 2002 Journal of Computer Engineering GEMATEK, STIKOM/ National.
Kontroller PID Berbasis MATLAB 6.1 : Sebuah Informasi Tutorial (PID Controller MATLAB 6.1-Based: A Tutorial Information)
Purba, L. P., 2003 Journal of Computer Engineering GEMATEK, STIKOM/ National (Vol.5 No. 1 Tahun 2003).
Aplikasi Simulasi Pengendalian Manipulator Robot dengan Algoritma Pembelajaran Hibrida Fungsi Basis Radial, Simualation and Control Robot with Hibrida Radial Basis Function Networks.
Achmad, A., Purba, L. P., 2003 Journal of Computer Engineering GEMATEK, STIKOM/ National (Vol. 5 No. 2 Tahun 2003).
Sistem Kendali Motor DC Berbasis Komputer dengan Menggunakan Jaringan Syaraf Tiruan
Purwanto, E., Purba, L. P., 2004 Proceeding of SITIA2004 Seminar on Intelligent Technology and It’s Applications, ITS/ National.
Sistem Pengendalian Posisi Motor DC dengan Menggunakan JST dengan Algoritma Belajar Error Back Propagation
Triangka, G., Purba, L. P., 2004 Proceeding of ECCIS2004 Seminar on Electrical Communication Control Information System, Brawijaya University/ National.
Perancangan dan Pembuatan Pengontrol PID-Optimal Berdasarkan Kriteria Performansi Kwadratik untuk Pengendalian Motor DC [www.unibraw.ac.id]
Purwanto, E., Purba, L. P., MasSiswa, 2004 Proceeding of ECCIS2004 Seminar on Electrical Communication Control Information System, Brawijaya University/ National.
Sistem Pengendalian Posisi Motor DC Servo dengan Algoritma Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference Systems (ANFIS)
Purba, L. P., 2004 Journal of Computer Engineering GEMATEK, STIKOM/ National.
Sistem Identifikasi Model Motor DC untuk Digunakan pada Desain PID Controller
Purba, L. P., 2005 Journal of Computer Engineering GEMATEK, STIKOM/ National.2005
Algoritma Dijkstra untuk Pemantauan Lalu Lintas dan Pelacakan Jalur Alternatif Optimal
Purba, L. P., 2005 Proceeding of Seminar on ReTII2005, STTNasional Yogyakarta, Indonesia/ National.
Performansi Dua Buah Motor DC Berdasarkan Identifikasi Dinamis untuk Digunakan Sebagai Penggerak Robot Line Follower [www.sttnas.ac.id]
Purba, L. P., Widjaya, C., 2005 SITIA2005 Seminar on Inteligent Technology and Its Application/ National.
Kompas Jalur Pendek: Suatu Detektor Lintasan Terpendek Berbasis Mikrokontroler
Purba, L. P., 2005 Journal of Computer Engineering GEMATEK, STIKOM/ National.
Sistem Identifikasi Model Dinamika Motor DC untuk Digunakan pada Desain Controller
Purba, L. P., Fitrianto, A., 2006 Information System and Information Technology National Seminar (SNASTI2006: Seminar Nasional Sistem & Teknologi Informasi) http://snasti.stikom.edu
Purba, L. P., Sari, E., 2008 Rating dan urgency penanganan HaKI tentang Bisnis Tempe vs Piranti Lunak http://lpks1.wima.ac.id/pphks/NCFE.htm
INTERNATIONAL Editions :
Purba, L. P., and Jazidie, A., 2001 “Control Robot Manipulators with Hybrid Learning Algorithm Radial Basis Function Networks in Operational Space,” Proceeding of CECI2001 International Conference on Electrics, Electronics, Communications and Informations, BPPT-Jakarta, Indonesia
Purba, L. P.,, Tarigan, E., 2007 “Airflow Modeling: Efforts to Find the Better Models for Building Air Quality Simulation,” Proceeding of RISK Tech 2007, International Conference and Workshop, Bandung Indonesia
Purba, L. P., Tekasakul, P., Maliwan, K., Furuuchi, M., 2008 “CFD study of flow in a natural rubber sheet smoking cooperative: Turbulence free convection airflow,” Proceeding of The 22th Mechanical Engineering Networks Conference, MENETT22, Bangkok, Thailand; 15 – 17 October 2008)
Speakers:
Quest Speaker:(18/09/02 – 18/09/02) DES2002 Deuleureon Extreme Science 2002, STIKOM/ Regional Seminar.
Aplikasi Kontrol Neuro-Fuzzy pada Industri (Industrial Application of Neuro-Fuzzy Controller)
Quest Speaker:(16/09/03 – 16/09/03) DES2003 Deuleureon Extreme Science 2003, STIKOM/ Regional Seminar.
Tips & Trik Pemilihan Kontroler yang Tepat dengan Performansi Terbaik untuk Plant Motor DC
(Tips & Tricks: How to Find Best Performance of DC Motor Controller)
Educating people based-on Research Activities:
As in RGB Tabloid: Augustus2006 Edition Colomnis ’Ethics in Information Age’ (Tabloid ’RedGreenBlue/ RGB’).
AWARD: Best Writer of Jurnal DP2M DIKTI Indonesia (Qualification: A), Augustus 2006 Penulis Jurnal Kwalitas A versi DP2M DIKTI Indonesia www.dikti.org
Book (Indonesian), October 2006 “Sistem Pengaturan dengan Komputer”, Publisher: GRAHA ILMU Indonesia www.grahailmu.com
Tuesday, July 8, 2008
thesis basic definitions
The ambient concentration level reflecting actual air quality as monitored or modeled ... [http://www.arb.ca.gov/DRDB/TUO/CURHTML/R102.HTM]
Ambient : Surrounding (for example, ambient air). [http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/glossary.html]
Concentration : The amount of a substance present in a certain amount of soil, water, air, food, blood, hair, urine, breath, or any other media.
[http://en.mimi.hu/environment/concentration.html]
Concentration : The relative amount of a substance mixed with another substance. An example is five parts per million of carbon monoxide in air or 1 milligram/liter of iron in water.
[http://en.mimi.hu/environment/concentration.html]
Contaminant : A substance that is either present in an environment where it does not belong or is present at levels that might cause harmful (adverse) health effects.
[http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/glossary.html#Exposure%20Pathway]
[http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/glossary.html#G-A-]
“Background concentration” means the ambient concentration of a
given parameter upstream or upgradient from a facility, practice or activity
which has not been affected by that facility, practice or activity.
[http://www.owrb.ok.gov/util/rules/pdf_rul/background_def.pdf]
Exposure pathway
The route a substance takes from its source (where it began) to its end point (where it ends), and how people can come into contact with (or get exposed to) it. An exposure pathway has five parts: a source of contamination (such as an abandoned business); an environmental media and transport mechanism (such as movement through groundwater); a point of exposure (such as a private well); a route of exposure (eating, drinking, breathing, or touching), and a receptor population (people potentially or actually exposed). When all five parts are present, the exposure pathway is termed a completed exposure pathway.
Ambient : Surrounding (for example, ambient air). [http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/glossary.html]
Concentration : The amount of a substance present in a certain amount of soil, water, air, food, blood, hair, urine, breath, or any other media.
[http://en.mimi.hu/environment/concentration.html]
Concentration : The relative amount of a substance mixed with another substance. An example is five parts per million of carbon monoxide in air or 1 milligram/liter of iron in water.
[http://en.mimi.hu/environment/concentration.html]
Contaminant : A substance that is either present in an environment where it does not belong or is present at levels that might cause harmful (adverse) health effects.
[http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/glossary.html#Exposure%20Pathway]
[http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/glossary.html#G-A-]
“Background concentration” means the ambient concentration of a
given parameter upstream or upgradient from a facility, practice or activity
which has not been affected by that facility, practice or activity.
[http://www.owrb.ok.gov/util/rules/pdf_rul/background_def.pdf]
Exposure pathway
The route a substance takes from its source (where it began) to its end point (where it ends), and how people can come into contact with (or get exposed to) it. An exposure pathway has five parts: a source of contamination (such as an abandoned business); an environmental media and transport mechanism (such as movement through groundwater); a point of exposure (such as a private well); a route of exposure (eating, drinking, breathing, or touching), and a receptor population (people potentially or actually exposed). When all five parts are present, the exposure pathway is termed a completed exposure pathway.
Monday, June 16, 2008
Thesis
Milestones of Thesis
Abstract 1st Semester
Purba, L. P., Tekasakul, P., Maliwan, K., 2007
ADFIEN MODELS: Efforts to Find the Better Models for RSS cooperative Smoke Aerosol Flow Simulation. (Abstract Pra-Thesis Master of Engineering in Mechanical Engineering)
Abstract Progress Report of Thesis by the end of the 1st semester
Abstract 2nd Semester
Abstract Progress Report of Thesis by the end of the 2nd semester
Abstract 3rd Semester
Abstract Progress Report of Thesis by the end of the 3nd semester
PEC-6(PSU Engineering Conference - 6 )
MENETT22, Mechanical Engeneering Networks 22th Thammasat University Thailand
Abstract 1st Semester
Purba, L. P., Tekasakul, P., Maliwan, K., 2007
ADFIEN MODELS: Efforts to Find the Better Models for RSS cooperative Smoke Aerosol Flow Simulation. (Abstract Pra-Thesis Master of Engineering in Mechanical Engineering)
Abstract Progress Report of Thesis by the end of the 1st semester
Abstract 2nd Semester
Abstract Progress Report of Thesis by the end of the 2nd semester
Abstract 3rd Semester
Abstract Progress Report of Thesis by the end of the 3nd semester
PEC-6(PSU Engineering Conference - 6 )
MENETT22, Mechanical Engeneering Networks 22th Thammasat University Thailand
Tuesday, June 3, 2008
DPM-Study
all about injection initialization?
visit: http://www.cfd-online.com/Forum/fluent_archive.cgi?read=49321
how to calculate concentration of DPM?
visit: http://www.cfd-online.com/Forum/fluent_archive_2006.cgi/read/35234
search about DPM discussion:
http://www.cfd-online.com/Search/cgi-bin/htsearch?config=htdig&exclude=&words=concentration+DPM&restrict=cfd-online.com%2FForum%2Ffluent&method=or&sort=score
visit: http://www.cfd-online.com/Forum/fluent_archive.cgi?read=49321
how to calculate concentration of DPM?
visit: http://www.cfd-online.com/Forum/fluent_archive_2006.cgi/read/35234
search about DPM discussion:
http://www.cfd-online.com/Search/cgi-bin/htsearch?config=htdig&exclude=&words=concentration+DPM&restrict=cfd-online.com%2FForum%2Ffluent&method=or&sort=score
Saturday, August 25, 2007
air-water-are-examples-of-newtonian-fluids
Fluid Mechanics defines a fluid as:
A substance which undergoes continuous deformation when subjected to a shear stress.
A fluid substance; a body whose particles move easily among themselves.
Fluid is a generic term, including liquids and gases as species.
Water, air, and steam are fluids-->Newtonian Fluid
The resistance to deformation offered by a fluid under a shear stress is called fluid viscosity. This is an important parameter to categorize the various types of fluids, or fluid models (for Fluid Mechanics calculations). The simplest fluid model is the perfect or ideal fluid. This model corresponds to a hypothetical gas or liquid that offers no resistance to shear, and thus has zero viscosity (an inviscid fluid). This model is sometimes used for real fluids with low viscosity.
Ideal Fluid (Perfect or inviscid fluid) - Hypothetical gas or liquid with zero viscosity
Newtonian Fluid - Fluid with a constant viscosity at a fixed temperature and pressure
Non-Newtonian Fluid - Viscosity is a function of shear stress
A substance which undergoes continuous deformation when subjected to a shear stress.
A fluid substance; a body whose particles move easily among themselves.
Fluid is a generic term, including liquids and gases as species.
Water, air, and steam are fluids-->Newtonian Fluid
The resistance to deformation offered by a fluid under a shear stress is called fluid viscosity. This is an important parameter to categorize the various types of fluids, or fluid models (for Fluid Mechanics calculations). The simplest fluid model is the perfect or ideal fluid. This model corresponds to a hypothetical gas or liquid that offers no resistance to shear, and thus has zero viscosity (an inviscid fluid). This model is sometimes used for real fluids with low viscosity.
Ideal Fluid (Perfect or inviscid fluid) - Hypothetical gas or liquid with zero viscosity
Newtonian Fluid - Fluid with a constant viscosity at a fixed temperature and pressure
Non-Newtonian Fluid - Viscosity is a function of shear stress
simulation-proposal-experiment
...SIMULATION GAMBIT & FLUENT...
airflow: from 8in, 1out [i have been done] --> 8in, 6out [prepare Geometry in Full scale]
particleflow: from 8in, 1out [about today, just start, by better view] --> 8in, 6out [prepare Geometry in Full scale]
...WRITING PROPOSAL [REVISED Ed.1]...
Have to write my report up to today...
...EXPERIMENTAL MEASUREMENT PREPARATION...
V, T: ready to measure
C: need to prepare
...2007.25.08...
airflow: from 8in, 1out [i have been done] --> 8in, 6out [prepare Geometry in Full scale]
particleflow: from 8in, 1out [about today, just start, by better view] --> 8in, 6out [prepare Geometry in Full scale]
...WRITING PROPOSAL [REVISED Ed.1]...
Have to write my report up to today...
...EXPERIMENTAL MEASUREMENT PREPARATION...
V, T: ready to measure
C: need to prepare
...2007.25.08...
Sunday, June 24, 2007
3ddp-solver
use 3DDP solver....
parameter u.r of momentum and pressure by default...
results:
after iteration 9 AMG Solver still serro...
according to the cfdfluent.com (discussion) says that need to use u.r one by one .... still don't have pattern or formula how to set the discretization methods....
parameter u.r of momentum and pressure by momentum=0.39 and pressure=0.31...
after iteration 4139 error AMG solver...
parameter u.r of momentum and pressure by momentum=0.39 and pressure=0.61...
after iteration 1 error AMG solver...
parameter u.r of momentum and pressure by momentum=0.61 and pressure=0.39...
after iteration 937 error AMG solver...
so try about BC's of the Simulation.....
parameter u.r of momentum and pressure by default...
results:
after iteration 9 AMG Solver still serro...
according to the cfdfluent.com (discussion) says that need to use u.r one by one .... still don't have pattern or formula how to set the discretization methods....
parameter u.r of momentum and pressure by momentum=0.39 and pressure=0.31...
after iteration 4139 error AMG solver...
parameter u.r of momentum and pressure by momentum=0.39 and pressure=0.61...
after iteration 1 error AMG solver...
parameter u.r of momentum and pressure by momentum=0.61 and pressure=0.39...
after iteration 937 error AMG solver...
so try about BC's of the Simulation.....
Saturday, June 23, 2007
equisize-skew->-0.97
Meshing success? but EquiSIZE SKEW >0.97 (11 or 16 cells)?
May have to re-fine meshing of the geometry...by:
*. coarse mesh then if need more fine mesh have to try methods below...
Because Meshing in GAMBIT automatically generated mesh (especially in 3-D) in most cases, can not provide uniformly high quality in un-structured mesh (hexahedral or tetrahedral) for complex geometry.
On the surface, the unstructured mesh does have advantages to cover large areas of complex geometry, but, in reality, a high quality mesh is always hard to obtain.
One says that need to go back to the blocking of the geometry (meshing process): to divide the geometry into smaller pieces and re-create the surface geometry so that can avoid the highly skewed cells.
**. have to try long iteration until 10^-6 criterion meet.... (already done, but still not convergence)....
have to try one by one....
And .... just an information from CFD source: it must take more time in Meshing Process and Convergence Process......
May have to re-fine meshing of the geometry...by:
*. coarse mesh then if need more fine mesh have to try methods below...
Because Meshing in GAMBIT automatically generated mesh (especially in 3-D) in most cases, can not provide uniformly high quality in un-structured mesh (hexahedral or tetrahedral) for complex geometry.
On the surface, the unstructured mesh does have advantages to cover large areas of complex geometry, but, in reality, a high quality mesh is always hard to obtain.
One says that need to go back to the blocking of the geometry (meshing process): to divide the geometry into smaller pieces and re-create the surface geometry so that can avoid the highly skewed cells.
**. have to try long iteration until 10^-6 criterion meet.... (already done, but still not convergence)....
have to try one by one....
And .... just an information from CFD source: it must take more time in Meshing Process and Convergence Process......
Friday, June 22, 2007
Under-relaxation-momentum
About:....
Error: AMG Solver ...temperature
Solution:
* by Modification of Under-relaxation of Momentum become less than default (0.7) have to try become 0.6....or: 0.5, 0.4, 0.3, 0.35, 0.39....
for 0.5: 500iteration success but after iteration 701 error AMG Solver again...
for 0.4: error after iteration 1185...
for 0.3: error afater iteration 359...
for 0.35: error after iteration 763...
for 0.39: error after iteration 1750...
for 0.396 or 0.389: have to simulate beside check about Meshing or Coupled Solver and not Segregated...
for 0.396: error after iteration 197...
for 0.389: error after iteration 857...
for 0.37: error after iteration 456...
So, want to check it up of coupled...
conclution for u.r. of momentum is about=0.39 and for pressure is about=0.3
but ok before fixed it...need to set the under-relaxation of Pressure....the default is 0.3 but i have to try the 0.28, 0.29 and 0.32 to know influence of this value...
for this use the same convergence criteria that is 1.0e-06 for all graphics...
for 0.28: error after iteration 1086...
for 0.29: error after iteration 264...
for 0.3: error after iteration 1750...already done
for 0.31: error after iteration 2229...
for 0.32: error after iteration 838...
So, the best configuration based-on under-relaxation of pressure and momentum is 0.31 and 0.39 for this case eventhough it's still has error in AMG solver: temperature.
Now, before try coupled solver....need to try to change the the BC's becouse one says that AMG solver and Reversed flow come from settings in BC's....
Error: AMG Solver ...temperature
Solution:
* by Modification of Under-relaxation of Momentum become less than default (0.7) have to try become 0.6....or: 0.5, 0.4, 0.3, 0.35, 0.39....
for 0.5: 500iteration success but after iteration 701 error AMG Solver again...
for 0.4: error after iteration 1185...
for 0.3: error afater iteration 359...
for 0.35: error after iteration 763...
for 0.39: error after iteration 1750...
for 0.396 or 0.389: have to simulate beside check about Meshing or Coupled Solver and not Segregated...
for 0.396: error after iteration 197...
for 0.389: error after iteration 857...
for 0.37: error after iteration 456...
So, want to check it up of coupled...
conclution for u.r. of momentum is about=0.39 and for pressure is about=0.3
but ok before fixed it...need to set the under-relaxation of Pressure....the default is 0.3 but i have to try the 0.28, 0.29 and 0.32 to know influence of this value...
for this use the same convergence criteria that is 1.0e-06 for all graphics...
for 0.28: error after iteration 1086...
for 0.29: error after iteration 264...
for 0.3: error after iteration 1750...already done
for 0.31: error after iteration 2229...
for 0.32: error after iteration 838...
So, the best configuration based-on under-relaxation of pressure and momentum is 0.31 and 0.39 for this case eventhough it's still has error in AMG solver: temperature.
Now, before try coupled solver....need to try to change the the BC's becouse one says that AMG solver and Reversed flow come from settings in BC's....
AMG-Solver-Temperature
Message in the screen.....when simulate in FLUENT after GAMBIT process....
Error: divergence detected in AMG solver: temperature
Error Object: ()
Is it about computer?
One suggest me to:
*Make sure about Under-Relaxation:.....I have to try to do it....
*the message indicates that doing something wrong in settign up the case (boundary conditions)...
*Make up Coupled Solver.
*check about mesh.
I have to do it....hope fully it become succeesfull
About the reversed flow pressure outlet.....please to make sure about the BCs and ICs...Because: In fact (real conditions), there should be no backflow at the pressure outlet in the converged solution. But, backflow occurs during the iteration. If so what should I do?
Error: divergence detected in AMG solver: temperature
Error Object: ()
Is it about computer?
One suggest me to:
*Make sure about Under-Relaxation:.....I have to try to do it....
*the message indicates that doing something wrong in settign up the case (boundary conditions)...
*Make up Coupled Solver.
*check about mesh.
I have to do it....hope fully it become succeesfull
About the reversed flow pressure outlet.....please to make sure about the BCs and ICs...Because: In fact (real conditions), there should be no backflow at the pressure outlet in the converged solution. But, backflow occurs during the iteration. If so what should I do?
Thursday, June 21, 2007
8-possibilities-meshing-process
elements type smoother spacing sources Results
HEX MAP None 0.6 NA ERROR: Entity V.5 can not be mesh on lower entity f.79
0.15 NA f.77
0.1; 1.0; 1.0 NA f.75; f68; f67
Hex
Sub map
NA 1.0; 0.6 NA F67; F62
hex Tet primitive NA 0.6 NA Connectivity for v.5 does not allow meshing using the tetrahedral primitive scheme
hex cooper NA 0.6; 1.0 F.63; 67; 68; 69 = all from 4th ventilating lids F38, 37, 57, 5, 42, 53, 24, 22 is Not appropriate for use as a face to project along. Either it is not sub mapped or the choice of source faces is incorrect
HEX STAIRSTEP NA 1.0; 0.6; 2.0 NA Successfully meshed V.5. Created faceted volume (s). F_volume.6 with mesh volumes = 5564
HEX/wedge cooper NA 0.6 NA F38, 37, 57, 5, 42, 53, 24, 22 is Not appropriate for use as a face to project along. Either it is not sub mapped or the choice of source faces is incorrect
Tet/hybrid hexcore NA 0.6 NA Mesh generated for v.5: mesh volumes = 47457. Contains 16 highly skewed element (EQUISIZE SKEW > 0.97)
Tet/hybrid tgrid na 0.6 NA Mesh generated for v.5: mesh volumes = 51780. Contains 11 highly skewed element (EQUISIZE SKEW > 0.97)
There are three meshing process that success for the geometry....
[1]. Stairstep =mesh volume=5,564.
[2]. Tgrid =mesh volume=51,780.
[3]. Hexcore =mesh volume=47,457.
HEX MAP None 0.6 NA ERROR: Entity V.5 can not be mesh on lower entity f.79
0.15 NA f.77
0.1; 1.0; 1.0 NA f.75; f68; f67
Hex
Sub map
NA 1.0; 0.6 NA F67; F62
hex Tet primitive NA 0.6 NA Connectivity for v.5 does not allow meshing using the tetrahedral primitive scheme
hex cooper NA 0.6; 1.0 F.63; 67; 68; 69 = all from 4th ventilating lids F38, 37, 57, 5, 42, 53, 24, 22 is Not appropriate for use as a face to project along. Either it is not sub mapped or the choice of source faces is incorrect
HEX STAIRSTEP NA 1.0; 0.6; 2.0 NA Successfully meshed V.5. Created faceted volume (s). F_volume.6 with mesh volumes = 5564
HEX/wedge cooper NA 0.6 NA F38, 37, 57, 5, 42, 53, 24, 22 is Not appropriate for use as a face to project along. Either it is not sub mapped or the choice of source faces is incorrect
Tet/hybrid hexcore NA 0.6 NA Mesh generated for v.5: mesh volumes = 47457. Contains 16 highly skewed element (EQUISIZE SKEW > 0.97)
Tet/hybrid tgrid na 0.6 NA Mesh generated for v.5: mesh volumes = 51780. Contains 11 highly skewed element (EQUISIZE SKEW > 0.97)
There are three meshing process that success for the geometry....
[1]. Stairstep =mesh volume=5,564.
[2]. Tgrid =mesh volume=51,780.
[3]. Hexcore =mesh volume=47,457.
Wednesday, June 20, 2007
Meshing-Process
Not 'convergence' yet? Is is caused by meshing still displayed "equisize skew > 0.97" (although already done about three of eight meshing 'success')?
reversed-flow
...
reversed flow in 8 faces on pressure-outlet 9.
reversed flow in 9 faces on pressure-outlet 13.
6009 3.3860e-04 1.7957e-01 3.4764e-01 1.9047e-01 5.7751e-04 0:00:00 0
why not displayed word "CONVERGENCE" in the monitor (althought the simulation already done for 1000 iteration = 13minutes and 33seconds --> 81 minutes and 3 seconds)?
[Check the CONVERGENCE status……….by:]
1. Compute from: no need to set… (because already set from geometry by GAMBIT)
2. Solve-Control-Solution—Under-relaxation
Solve-Control-Solution—Pressure-Velocity Coupling
Solve-Control-Solution—Discretization; or
3. Solve-Monitor-Residual--Convergence Criteria; or
4. Meshing process about Equisize SKEW > 0.97 (11, 16 or … by Tet/Hybrid- TGrid and Hexcore
:-)smile
reversed flow in 8 faces on pressure-outlet 9.
reversed flow in 9 faces on pressure-outlet 13.
6009 3.3860e-04 1.7957e-01 3.4764e-01 1.9047e-01 5.7751e-04 0:00:00 0
why not displayed word "CONVERGENCE" in the monitor (althought the simulation already done for 1000 iteration = 13minutes and 33seconds --> 81 minutes and 3 seconds)?
[Check the CONVERGENCE status……….by:]
1. Compute from: no need to set… (because already set from geometry by GAMBIT)
2. Solve-Control-Solution—Under-relaxation
Solve-Control-Solution—Pressure-Velocity Coupling
Solve-Control-Solution—Discretization; or
3. Solve-Monitor-Residual--Convergence Criteria; or
4. Meshing process about Equisize SKEW > 0.97 (11, 16 or … by Tet/Hybrid- TGrid and Hexcore
:-)smile
divergence-in-AMG-solver
after running the simulation for airflows I see only an error:
...
reversed flow in 23 faces on pressure-outlet 4.
reversed flow in 31 faces on pressure-outlet 5.
reversed flow in 35 faces on pressure-outlet 6.
reversed flow in 38 faces on pressure-outlet 7.
reversed flow in 52 faces on pressure-outlet 8.
reversed flow in 8 faces on pressure-outlet 9.
reversed flow in 8 faces on pressure-outlet 13.
Error: divergence detected in AMG solver: temperature
Error Object: ()
why?.....how to fixed it?.....
solution for that error: in windows of FLUENT click SOLVE then click Initialize-Initialize-set Velocity Magnitude = 1 or other values then click Reset-Apply-Close.
Another solution is to click Initialize-Initialize- then click Init...
...continuousimprovement of lasmanp's thesis...
...
reversed flow in 23 faces on pressure-outlet 4.
reversed flow in 31 faces on pressure-outlet 5.
reversed flow in 35 faces on pressure-outlet 6.
reversed flow in 38 faces on pressure-outlet 7.
reversed flow in 52 faces on pressure-outlet 8.
reversed flow in 8 faces on pressure-outlet 9.
reversed flow in 8 faces on pressure-outlet 13.
Error: divergence detected in AMG solver: temperature
Error Object: ()
why?.....how to fixed it?.....
solution for that error: in windows of FLUENT click SOLVE then click Initialize-Initialize-set Velocity Magnitude = 1 or other values then click Reset-Apply-Close.
Another solution is to click Initialize-Initialize- then click Init...
...continuousimprovement of lasmanp's thesis...
Saturday, June 16, 2007
Holman1992-Natural-Convection-System
Natural, or free, convection is observed as a result of the motion of the fluid due to density changes arising from the heating process.
The movement of the fluid in free convection, wheter it is a gas or liquid, results from the bouyancy forces imposed on the fluid when its density in the proximity of the heat-transfer surface is decreased as a result of the heating process.
The bouyancy forces would not be present if the fluid were not acted upon by some external force field such as gravity, although gravity is not only type of force field which can produce the free-convection currents; a fluid enclosed in a rotating machine is acted upon by a centrifugasl force field, and thus could experince free-convection currents if one or more of the surfaces in contact with the fluid were heated.
The bouyancy forces which give rise to the free-convection currents are called body forces.
The movement of the fluid in free convection, wheter it is a gas or liquid, results from the bouyancy forces imposed on the fluid when its density in the proximity of the heat-transfer surface is decreased as a result of the heating process.
The bouyancy forces would not be present if the fluid were not acted upon by some external force field such as gravity, although gravity is not only type of force field which can produce the free-convection currents; a fluid enclosed in a rotating machine is acted upon by a centrifugasl force field, and thus could experince free-convection currents if one or more of the surfaces in contact with the fluid were heated.
The bouyancy forces which give rise to the free-convection currents are called body forces.
Thursday, June 14, 2007
heat-flux
Heat flux is the rate of energy transfer through a given surface. This quantity can be measured using a heat flux sensor. The measurement of heat flux is of importance to many sciences. Most common applications are in building physics, where the heat flow through walls is one of the factors determining the indoor climate, in agricultural meteorology, where the heat flux into the soil is a parameter in the study of evaporation of water, and biology to measure heat flux from humans or animals. The accurate measurement of heat flux can lead to energy saving in buildings and to more efficient use of water in irrigated agricultural area's [http://www.hukseflux.com/heat%20flux/flux.htm]
Friday, June 8, 2007
Leonhard-Euler-Wikiedia
In fluid dynamics, the Euler equations govern the motion of a compressible, inviscid fluid. They correspond to the Navier-Stokes equations with zero viscosity and heat conduction terms, although they are usually written in the form shown here because this emphasises the fact that they directly represent conservation of mass, momentum, and energy. The equations are named after Leonhard Euler. This page assumes that classical mechanics applies; see relativistic Euler equations for a discussion of compressible fluid flow when velocities approach the speed of light. [http://wikipedia.com]
Madsen,2006-use-eulerian-model
In the Eulerian multi-fluid model, the gas and particle phases are treated considered as the primary considered as dispersed or secondary phases. The gas and particle phases as interpenetrating continua in an Eulerian framework. The gas phase is considered as primary phase whereas the particle phases are secondary phases. The gas and particle phase are characterized by volume fractions, and by definition, the volume fractions of all phases must sum to unity: (lasmanp thesis: 0.9 for gas, 0.1 for particle).
The governing equations of the multi-fluid model can be derived by conditionally ensemble averaging of the local instant conservation equation of single-phase flow (Drew, 1983; Drew and Passman, 1999). In the Madsen, J., (2006) thesis the flow assumed to be isothermal; hence, energy balances are not needed. Furthermore, there is no interfacial mass transfer between the gas and particle phases.
The governing equations of the multi-fluid model can be derived by conditionally ensemble averaging of the local instant conservation equation of single-phase flow (Drew, 1983; Drew and Passman, 1999). In the Madsen, J., (2006) thesis the flow assumed to be isothermal; hence, energy balances are not needed. Furthermore, there is no interfacial mass transfer between the gas and particle phases.
Monday, June 4, 2007
turbulence-model-for-each-phase
+*solves a set of k and ε transport equations for each phase.
+*is appropriate choice when the turbulence transfer among the phases plays a dominant role.
+*Turbulence predictions are obtained from two long equations which both of that equations have two terms that must be approximated like these:
* Clq = 2,
* Cql = 2ηlq/(1+ηlq).
where: ηlq is the ratio of the characteristic particle relaxation time and the Lagrangian integral time scale of the phases q and l.
+*The turbulent viscosity defined as a equations.
Recomended for the thesis (1st priority), and use LAUNDER and SPALDING (1974), because so famous used by researchers like Lu and Howatrh (1996a, 1996b). Although we can use in simulation as 2nd priority,dispersed t. m. or mixture t. m. as the 3rd priority for these works.
+*is appropriate choice when the turbulence transfer among the phases plays a dominant role.
+*Turbulence predictions are obtained from two long equations which both of that equations have two terms that must be approximated like these:
* Clq = 2,
* Cql = 2ηlq/(1+ηlq).
where: ηlq is the ratio of the characteristic particle relaxation time and the Lagrangian integral time scale of the phases q and l.
+*The turbulent viscosity defined as a equations.
Recomended for the thesis (1st priority), and use LAUNDER and SPALDING (1974), because so famous used by researchers like Lu and Howatrh (1996a, 1996b). Although we can use in simulation as 2nd priority,dispersed t. m. or mixture t. m. as the 3rd priority for these works.
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